Michelle wrote...2/3

In class today we had a substitute. We began to go over what happened in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. As we learned already, the congress had decided to restore the kings back to power. In 1848 uprisings begin to erupt in Europe. Many people were unhappy with these rulers and desired a change. By 1878, new countries and boundaries were created. Some new countries that were formed are Romania, Italy, Austria-Hungry, Serbia, Montenegro, and the German Empire was enlarged.

We then examined maps of Europe and answered questions based off of them. We learned that people in Europe protested corrupt governments, poor working conditions, foreign rule, and other issues. None of these protests were successful.

In 1861, most Italian states are able to unite and form Italy. Proceeding in 1867, the Austrian empire splits to form Austrian and Hungarian kingdoms sharing one ruler. In 1871, the German states unite to form the German empire, and France loses two eastern provinces to Germany. Nationalism played a great role in causing changes to Europe. In some places it united countries, while in other places it divided them.

Lastly we got a worksheet that compares the unification of Italy to the Unification of Germany. Both unifications contained large amounts of nationalism. Also, prior to the Italian and German unifications both governments were fragmented groups of small kingdoms. The people of Italy shared the same language, culture, and background. The overall goal in Italy was to unify into a sovereign nation state with an autonomous rule. The most famous nationalistic leaders were Count Camilo Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi, and Guiseppe Mazzini. Mazzini was the soul of Italian nationalism. He established a secret society known as Young Italy, which was an organization devoted to uniting Italy. Garibaldi was the sword of nationalism. His band of redshirts was able to conquer forces that opposed unification. Cavour was the “brain” in his skilled diplomat. He was able to get help from France to defeat Austrians, which eventually put Victor Emmanuel II to power who completely united Italy in 1861. Germany, also following nationalistic movements, was to have an autonomous rule. In Germany, Prussia was the most dominant state, and dominated other smaller states. Kaiser Wilhelm ruled Prussia but the person who held the highest power was the Prime Minister Otto Bismarck. Bismarck united Germany through the Realpolitik policy, or realistic politics. Bismarck also was a strong supporter of Blood and Iron. Blood represents the sacrifices made through the culture of militarism while iron represented the need to industrialize. German power that was achieved through nationalism would support a period of imperialism. This would support the outbreak of World War I.


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